MOLECULES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) and Their Ligands B.A. Beutler (USA) (on the left) and J.A. Hoffmann (France) won the Nobel Prize in 2011 for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity through TLR.  TLR Ligands (PAMP, DAMP, and allergens)  TLR1  Triacyl lipopeptides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, DAMP  TLR2  Diacyl and triacyl lipopeptides of Gram-positive bacteria, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan,  yeast zymozan, DAMP  TLR3  Viral dsRNA  TLR4  Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria, DAMP  TLR5  Flagellin of bacterial flagella  TLR6  Diacyl lipopeptides of Gram-positive bacteria  TLR7  Viral ssRNA  TLR8  Viral ssRNA  TLR9  Unmethylated CpG nucleotides of bacterial and viral DNA  TLR10  Unknown The studies concerning allergens and AAMP as ligands for TLR are carried out. ©V.V.Klimov